Struggling with speech fluency in a second language? Learn 15 powerful communication strategies to keep conversations flowing and improve real-world communication skills.
Fluency in a second language is not about speaking perfectly—it’s about communicating effectively. But what happens when you forget a word or struggle to form a sentence? Do you freeze up or find a way to keep the conversation going?
This is where communication strategies come into play. These strategies help language learners navigate communication breakdowns, ensuring they can express themselves even with limited vocabulary or grammar.
In this article, we’ll explore key communication strategies, how they enhance fluency, and how teachers can incorporate them into language learning.
What Are Communication Strategies?
Communication strategies are problem-solving techniques used by second-language learners (and even native speakers) to overcome language barriers during conversation. These strategies help maintain the flow of communication, reduce misunderstandings, and boost confidence.
The concept of communication strategies was first introduced by Selinker (1972) in his interlanguage theory, later developed by Varadi (1973) and Tarone (1977, 1980). Researchers like Faerch & Kasper (1983) expanded on the idea, categorizing strategies into:
• Proactive strategies – Planned techniques, such as avoiding difficult grammar.
• Reactive strategies – Spontaneous techniques used during a conversation, such as paraphrasing.
Now, let’s explore the most effective communication strategies that learners use to stay engaged in conversations.
Common Communication Strategies in Second-Language Acquisition
1. Circumlocution (Paraphrasing)
When learners don’t know a word, they describe it using different expressions.
🔹 Example: Instead of “thermometer,” saying “the thing that measures temperature.”
2. Approximation (Using a Similar Word)
Using a similar but incorrect word instead of the exact term.
🔹 Example: Saying “ship” instead of “boat.”
3. Lexical Substitution (Simplifying the Word Choice)
Replacing complex words with simpler synonyms.
🔹 Example: Instead of “purchase,” saying “buy.”
4. Word Coinage (Inventing New Words)
Creating new words when the correct word is unknown.
🔹 Example: Calling an elevator “up-down box.”
5. Language Switching (Code-Switching)
Using a word from one’s native language when struggling with vocabulary.
🔹 Example: “I need a tenedor for my food” (tenedor is Spanish for fork).
6. Asking for Clarification
Directly requesting help from the conversation partner.
🔹 Example:
• “What do you call this in English?”
• “Could you repeat that?”
7. Non-Verbal Communication (Gestures & Mime)
Using body language to express meaning.
🔹 Example: If unsure of the word “sleep,” resting one’s head on folded hands.
8. Message Abandonment (Giving Up Midway)
Starting a sentence but stopping due to difficulty.
🔹 Example: “Yesterday I… umm… never mind.”
9. Topic Avoidance
Avoiding subjects that require unfamiliar vocabulary.
🔹 Example: Steering the conversation away from politics if unfamiliar with the terminology.
10. Appeal for Assistance
Asking for the listener’s help to complete a sentence.
🔹 Example: “It’s on the tip of my tongue… the thing you use to open bottles?”
11. Stalling Strategies (Time-Gaining Strategies)
Using filler words to buy time while thinking.
🔹 Example: “Well, you see… actually… how can I say this…?”
12. Self-Correction (Self-Repair)
Recognizing and fixing an error without outside help.
🔹 Example: “Yesterday I go— I mean, I went to the store.”
13. Repetition for Emphasis or Processing Time
Repeating words to gain time or make meaning clearer.
🔹 Example: “It was really, really, really cold!”
14. Avoiding Difficult Grammar Structures
Choosing simpler sentence structures to avoid mistakes.
🔹 Example: Instead of “Had I known, I would have come earlier,” saying, “If I knew, I would come earlier.”
15. Using Synonyms or Opposites
Replacing an unknown word with one of similar meaning.
🔹 Example: If “generous” is unknown, saying “a person who gives a lot.”
How Communication Strategies Improve Speech Fluency
🔹 Encouraging Risk-Taking – Learners speak more confidently when they know they have strategies to rely on.
🔹 Building Strategic Competence – Being fluent isn’t just about grammar—it’s about knowing how to handle real-life conversations.
🔹 Enhancing Real-World Communication – Even native speakers paraphrase, simplify, and use gestures. These strategies help learners communicate in authentic situations.
🔹 Promoting Autonomy – Instead of freezing up, learners become independent problem solvers in conversations.
Using Communication Strategies in the Classroom
Teachers can train students to use communication strategies through interactive activities such as:
✔ Role-Plays – Simulating real-life situations requiring paraphrasing and negotiation.
✔ Information Gap Tasks – One student has information the other needs, forcing them to use circumlocution and clarification requests.
✔ Fluency Challenges – Giving learners a limited vocabulary and asking them to describe objects without saying certain words.
✔ Language Games – Activities like charades, storytelling, or debates encourage strategic communication.
Balancing Strategy Use & Language Growth
⚠ Overusing communication strategies can sometimes lead to fossilization (permanent errors).
✅ Teachers should encourage strategy use while expanding learners’ vocabulary and grammar knowledge.
Final Thoughts
Communication strategies are essential tools for boosting fluency, confidence, and adaptability in language learning. They enable learners to navigate conversations with ease, even when their language skills are still developing.
However, balance is key. While strategies help bridge communication gaps, they should be seen as stepping stones to fluency, not as crutches. With regular practice and structured guidance, learners can master both strategic competence and linguistic accuracy, leading to real, meaningful communication.
So, next time you’re searching for the right word, don’t freeze—strategize!




